| Supermarktartikel in Österreich um 13% teurer |  |
als in Deutschland:
On average, however, prices are about 13% higher on the Austrian side of the border, as shown by the dotted line. Disregarding the mode at zero, cross-border price differences are centred around a 15–18% premium on the Austrian side – a clear ‘border effect’. This bimodality suggests the existence of a profit-maximising (non-zero) cross-border price differential.
[https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/one-product-two-prices-border-effect-retail-prices]